Over the last year a number of people on the forum asked me to release a vitamin K2 supplement as an alternative to the popular (but expensive) Thorne K2 supplement. So, I finally got around to delivering on my promise. Kuinone is a liquid dietary supplement with menatetrenone (MK-4) dissolved in ethanol and SFA esters. If you are wondering what's up with the weird name, well it is a play on the fact that vitamin K is a naphthoquinone, or a type of (q)uinone just like the well-known CoQ10. So, I combined the K from vitamin K and the word quinone to form Kuinone. Hopefully, it is not too confusing to people what the word means.

The fact that it is dissolved in SFA esters + ethanol mixture should dramatically improve topical absorption and allow a much lower daily dose to be used, which will make the bottle last much longer and thus further decrease the overall cost. The product is also available in organic olive oil (EVOOO) as a base/solvent, for people who cannot use ethanol for various personal/religious and/or physiological reasons.

Finally, while the bone benefits of vitamin K2 are known to many people on the forum, some of its "niche" effects are not widely known. So, I compiled a (long) list of references broken down by categories for the people who are interested in finding out more about this amazing substance.

Note: This product contains raw material(s) meant for external use only, in cosmetic or other formulations designed for such external use. The units listed on the label are just for measurement purposes. They do not indicate or suggest optimal dose.

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Kuinone is a dietary supplement containing vitamin K2 (MK-4) also known as menatetrenone or menaquinone-4.

Servings per container: about 720

Serving size: 1 drop

Each serving contains the following ingredients:

Vitamin K2 (MK-4): 2 mg

Other ingredients: add product to shopping cart to see info

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REFERENCES:

1. General

Highly recommended dose of MK4 for osteoporosis. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamins D and K as pleiotropic nutrients: clinical importance to the skeletal and cardiovascular systems and preliminary evidence for synergy. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin E and K interactions--a 50-year-old problem. - PubMed - NCBI

Pleiotropic actions of vitamin K: protector of bone health and beyond? - PubMed - NCBI

Exocrine pancreatic secretion of phospholipid, menaquinone-4, and caveolin-1 in vivo. - PubMed - NCBI

Improvement of vitamin K status of breastfeeding infants with maternal supplement of vitamin K2 (MK40). - PubMed - NCBI

Antinociceptive effect induced by intraperitoneal administration of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) in ICR mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of dietary fat content on oral bioavailability of menatetrenone in humans. - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of food composition on vitamin K absorption in human volunteers. - PubMed - NCBI

Distribution of menaquinone-4, a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, in bone and other tissues of rats. - PubMed - NCBI

2. Bone Health

Treatment of glucocorticoid-induced low bone mineral density in children: a systematic review. - PubMed - NCBI

Low-dose menaquinone-4 improves γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin in young males: a non-placebo-controlled dose-response study. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 improves femoral bone strength without altering bone mineral density in gastrectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K₂ therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of osteocalcin affects the efficacy of teriparatide (PTH(1-34)) for skeletal repair. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone versus alfacalcidol in the treatment of Chinese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, do... - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of vitamin K in postmenopausal women: mini review. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone for the treatment of osteoporosis. - PubMed - NCBI

Prevention of bone loss in children receiving long-term glucocorticoids with calcium and alfacalcidol or menatetrenone. - PubMed - NCBI

Amelioration of pregnancy-associated osteoporosis after treatment with vitamin K₂: a report of four patients. - PubMed - NCBI

Clinical results of alendronate monotherapy and combined therapy with menatetrenone (VitK₂) in postmenopausal RA patients. - PubMed - NCBI

Bridging the gap between osteoporosis and osteonecrosis of the jaw: preventing and treating BRONJ with MK4. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral de... - PubMed - NCBI

The prevention of hip fracture with menatetrenone and risedronate plus calcium supplementation in elderly patients with Alzheimer disease: a random... - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of vitamin K2 on cortical and cancellous bone mass and hepatic lipids in rats with combined methionine-choline deficiency. - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of GGCX gene polymorphism on the responses of serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin and bone turnover markers after treatment with vitamin K2 ... - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of long-term vitamin K(1) (phylloquinone) or vitamin K(2) (menaquinone-4) supplementation on body composition and serum parameters in rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K₂ alters bone metabolism markers in hemodialysis patients with a low serum parathyroid hormone level. - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of vitamin K2 on cortical and cancellous bone mass, cortical osteocyte and lacunar system, and porosity in sciatic neurectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 promotes bone healing in a rat femoral osteotomy model with or without glucocorticoid treatment. - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of combination treatment with alendronate and vitamin K(2) on bone mineral density and strength in ovariectomized mice. - PubMed - NCBI

Prevention of hip fractures by exposure to sunlight and pharmacotherapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K to prevent fractures in older women: systematic review and economic evaluation. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K promotes mineralization, osteoblast-to-osteocyte transition, and an anticatabolic phenotype by {gamma}-carboxylation-dependent and -indep... - PubMed - NCBI

Efficacy of menatetrenone (vitamin K2) against non-vertebral and hip fractures in patients with neurological diseases: meta-analysis of three rando... - PubMed - NCBI

Comparison of the effect of vitamin K(2) and risedronate on trabecular bone in glucocorticoid-treated rats: a bone histomorphometry study. - PubMed - NCBI

Collagen-related abnormalities, reduction in bone quality, and effects of menatetrenone in rats with a congenital ascorbic acid deficiency. - PubMed - NCBI

Prior treatment with vitamin K(2) significantly improves the efficacy of risedronate. - PubMed - NCBI

Short-term menatetrenone therapy increases gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin with a moderate increase of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporo... - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K treatment reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin but does not alter bone turnover, density, or geometry in healthy postmenopausal North Am... - PubMed - NCBI

Randomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (OF study): a phase IV clinical study of 15-mg menatetrenone capsules. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2, a gamma-carboxylating factor of gla-proteins, normalizes the bone crystal nucleation impaired by Mg-insufficiency. - PubMed - NCBI

[Treatment of primary osteoporosis with vitamin K2]. - PubMed - NCBI

[Vitamin K metabolism. Menaquinone-4 (MK-4) formation from ingested VK analogues and its potent relation to bone function]. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 induces phosphorylation of protein kinase A and expression of novel target genes in osteoblastic cells. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K induces osteoblast differentiation through pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional control of the Msx2 gene. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal women. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone (vitamin K2) and bone quality in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. - PubMed - NCBI

Beneficial effect of pretreatment and treatment continuation with risedronate and vitamin K2 on cancellous bone loss after ovariectomy in rats: a b... - PubMed - NCBI

Infrared analysis of bones in magnesium-deficient rats treated with vitamin K2. - PubMed - NCBI

[Active vitamin D and vitamin K as therapeutic agents for osteoporosis]. - PubMed - NCBI

[Diabetic osteopahty and vitamin K]. - PubMed - NCBI

[Therapeutic approaches for diabetic osteopahty]. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia. - PubMed - NCBI

Geranylgeranylacetone inhibits formation and function of human osteoclasts and prevents bone loss in tail-suspended rats and ovariectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Comparative effects of vitamin K and vitamin D supplementation on calcium balance in young rats fed normal or low calcium diets. - PubMed - NCBI

[The interplay of magnesium and vitamin K2 on bone mineralization]. - PubMed - NCBI

[Vitamin K2 and bone quality]. - PubMed - NCBI

[Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) and bone quality]. - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of vitamin K2 administration on calcium balance and bone mass in young rats fed normal or low calcium diet. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone rescues bone loss by improving osteoblast dysfunction in rats immobilized by sciatic neurectomy. - PubMed - NCBI

RETRACTED: Menatetrenone and vitamin D2 with calcium supplements prevent nonvertebral fracture in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 inhibits glucocorticoid-induced bone loss partly by preventing the reduction of osteoprotegerin (OPG). - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) and alendronate on bone mineral density and bone strength in rats fed a low-magnesium diet. - PubMed - NCBI

Histochemical evaluation for the biological effect of menatetrenone on metaphyseal trabeculae of ovariectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of vitamin K2 in hemodialysis patients with low serum parathyroid hormone levels. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 and geranylgeraniol, its side chain component, inhibited osteoclast formation in a different manner. - PubMed - NCBI

Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone ameliorates reduction in bone mineral density and bone strength in sciatic neurectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Treatment with vitamin D3 and/or vitamin K2 for postmenopausal osteoporosis. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone (vitamin K2) acts directly on circulating human osteoclast precursors. - PubMed - NCBI

High serum levels of menatetrenone in male patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of menatetrenone (vitamin K2) treatment on bone loss in patients with anorexia nervosa. - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of vitamin K2 on cortical and cancellous bones in orchidectomized and/or sciatic neurectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K stimulates osteoblastogenesis and inhibits osteoclastogenesis in human bone marrow cell culture. - PubMed - NCBI

Effect of vitamin K2 on cortical and cancellous bones in orchidectomized young rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Pharmacodynamics of menatetrenone and effects on bone metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) inhibits bone loss induced by prednisolone partly through enhancement of bone formation in rats. - PubMed - NCBI

Menatetrenone prevents osteoblast dysfunction in unilateral sciatic neurectomized rats. - PubMed - NCBI

[Effect of menatetrenone (V.K2) on bone mineral density and bone strength in Ca/Mg deficient rats]. - PubMed - NCBI

Time-dependent effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women. - PubMed - NCBI

Maintenance of trabecular structure and bone volume by vitamin K(2) in mature rats with long-term tail suspension. - PubMed - NCBI

Amelioration of osteoporosis by menatetrenone in elderly female Parkinson's disease patients with vitamin D deficiency. - PubMed - NCBI

A comparison of alfacalcidol and menatetrenone for the treatment of bone loss in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. - PubMed - NCBI

Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) for bone loss in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. - PubMed - NCBI

Effects of phenytoin and/or vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone mineral density in the tibiae of growing rats - PubMed

Effects of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on calcium balance in ovariectomized rats - PubMed

Efficacy and safety of Menatetrenone-4 postmenopausal Thai women - PubMed

Vitamin K administration to elderly patients with osteoporosis induces no hemostatic activation, even in those with suspected vitamin K deficiency - PubMed

Effect of menatetrenone on bone mineral density and incidence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a comparison with the effect of etidronate - PubMed

Effects of vitamin K on calcium and bone metabolism - PubMed

Inverse correlation between the changes of lumbar bone mineral density and serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin after vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) treatment in children treated with glucocorticoid and alfacalcidol - PubMed

Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis - PubMed

[Effects of vitamin K2 administration in the patients with severely motor and intellectual disabilities: assessment of bone metabolic marker and bone mineral density] - PubMed

Vitamin K(2) inhibits adipogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and ODF/RANK ligand expression in murine bone marrow cell cultures - PubMed

Effect of vitamin K2 on three-dimensional trabecular microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats - PubMed

Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis - PubMed

Short-term effect of vitamin K administration on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis - PubMed

Menatetrenone plus alfacalcidol treatment for bone problems in eight children with skeletal unloading - PubMed

[Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) treatment increased bone strength in rats given low-calcium diets] - PubMed

Inhibitory effect of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) on bone resorption in ovariectomized rats: a histomorphometric and dual energy X-ray absorptiometric study - PubMed

Use of vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the prevention of bone loss induced by leuprolide - PubMed

A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy - PubMed

[Effects of a vitamin K2 preparation in severely handicapped patients complicated by osteopenia] - PubMed

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9737352

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9076586

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8939773

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7756045

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7821350

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7927067

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8089928

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8155403

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8371513

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1530637

3. Inflammation

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8240383

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8511981

4. Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23344475

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234293

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14654717

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9414028

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9247360

5. Diabetes

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21136047

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11325029

6. Kidney Health

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080166

7. Cancer

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23225445

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23191943

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21661384

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21410069

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22870131

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163409

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21109972

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20569983

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19639210

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19550077

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501932

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18251162

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404108

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17399847

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376044

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400650

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11925874

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11807630

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10865985

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10641439

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9827941

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9177427

https://www.glowm.com/pdf/Book-OvarianCancerTherapeutics-CC-BY-Ch13.pdf

8. Neurological Health

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108469

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23682563

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092997

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235890

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704312

9. Testosterone

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21914161

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21894328

10. Estrogen

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15763078